On this day in history, 29th October 1586, four days after a commission had found Mary Queen of Scots guilty of conspiring to assassinate Elizabeth I, Parliament met to discuss her fate. It was decided that Elizabeth should be petitioned to execute Mary.
In my previous article on Mary Queen of Scots, “The Trial of Mary Queen of Scots”, I told of how Elizabeth did not sign Mary’s death warrant until the 1st February 1587 and we know that she gave orders for it not to be sent to Fotheringhay until she said so. It is clear that Elizabeth was struggling with taking such action against a fellow queen, an anointed sovereign, and a woman with Tudor blood. The idea of regicide horrified her but her Parliament were calling for action and a strong monarch always acts against those who conspire to dethrone and assassinate them. It surely would have been a sign of weakness if Elizabeth had let Mary go on plotting against her.
It seems from Elizabeth’s actions – signing the death warrant but not sending it, asking Paulet to kill Mary under the Bond of association – that she was trying to deal with Mary without taking any responsibility for what happened. As John Guy says, “She had carefully contrived things so that she would win whatever happened. If Mary was killed under the Bond of Association, Elizabeth could disclaim responsibility. If Cecil covertly sealed the warrant and sent it to Fotheringhay behind her back, she could claim she had been the victim of a court conspiracy.” But we cannot know for sure what was going through Elizabeth’s mind at that time. Elizabeth was caught between a rock and a hard place, as Alison Weir describes:-
“If she signed the warrant she would be setting a precedent for condemning an anointed queen to death, and would also be spilling the blood of her kinswoman. To do this would court the opprobroum of the whole world, and might provoke the Catholic powers to vengeful retribution. Yet, if she showed mercy, Mary would remain the focus of Catholic plotting for the rest of her life, to the great peril of Elizabeth and her kingdom. Elizabeth knew where her duty lay, but she did no want to be responsible for Mary’s death.”1
No wonder she procrastinated! What a decision to have to make and I don’t think anyone can blame her for taking her time, for refusing to bow to Parliamentary pressure and for taking steps to distance herself from what happened in the end. What else could she do?
Mary – Tragic Heroine and Martyr?
Recently, this site has been bombarded with comments (see comments on Free Report page and my article on Mary’s trial) proclaiming Mary Queen of Scots’ innocence, protesting that she was the rightful queen of England, Scotland and France, calling Elizabeth a “Killer queen”, accusing Elizabeth of framing Mary and accusing me of romanticising Elizabeth. They were hard to take seriously when that person also thought that Mary Queen of Scots was the daughter of Mary I (!), but they did make me think about how Mary has been romanticised in the past and seen as a tragic heroine and even a Catholic martyr. Even today, she is proclaimed a martyr, not just by the commenter on this site but also the the New Advent Catholic Encylopedia who say:-
“There can be no question that she died with the charity and magnanimity of a martyr; as also that her execution was due, on the part of her enemies, to hatred of the Faith.”2
and then write of how Pope Benedict XIV would have formally declared her a martyr “if only the charges connected with the names of Darnley and Bothwell could be entirely eliminated”3.
Mary saw herself as a martyr. At her execution, on the 8th February 1587, she wore a crucifix and a black gown and as she prepared herself for her beheading she took off her gown to reveal a bodice and petticoat of scarlet, the colour of martyrdom. In her final moments she was proclaiming that she was a martyr to her faith.
However, whatever Mary thought and whatever message she was sending by her garb, I don’t believe that she was a martyr, well, not in the sense that she meant.
martyr – noun (mär-tər)
- a person who voluntarily suffers death as the penalty of witnessing to and refusing to renounce a religion
- a person who sacrifices something of great value and especially life itself for the sake of principle
- victim; especially : a great or constant sufferer4
Perhaps she could be seen as a martyr according to definitions 2) and 3), but she did not died for her Catholic faith, she was executed because she plotted to kill the Queen of England. Uh oh, now I’m treading on dangerous ground with those who believe she was framed. Well, I do believe that William Cecil and Sir Francis Walsingham did all they could to bring down Mary Queen of Scots, but I don’t believe that they framed her. They set a trap and she fell into it. She gave them the evidence that they were looking for and that they needed to convince Elizabeth to get rid of her once and for all.
John Guy, in his book “Mary Queen of Scots: My Heart is My Own” explains Walsingham and Cecil’s roles in the downfall of Mary Queen of Scots brilliantly:-
“the plot [Babington plot] was not in itself a ‘projection’ [using agent provocateurs to foment conspiracies that were then conveniently ‘detected’] to frame her – it really existed; but rather than nipping it in the bud, Cecil’s spymaster allowed it to develop so that he could obtain the written evidence to put her on trial for her life”. Walsingham and Cecil let the plot continue so that Mary would ‘hang herself’ by getting involved and she did by replying to Babington who was conspiring to get Elizabeth assassinated by a group of ’six gentlemen’:-
‘The affairs being thus prepared and forces in readiness both without and within the realm, then shall it be time to set the six gentlemen to work taking order, upon the accomplishing of their design, I may be suddenly transported out of this place, and that all your forces in the same time be on the field to meet me in tarrying for the arrival of the foreign aid, which then must be hastened with all diligence.’ “5
John Guy comments that “Mary’s meaning is clear. She had consented to Elizabeth’s assassination and a foreign invasion. Strictly, she had not specified what the ‘work’ of the six gentlemen was to be, but the letter from Babbington to which she was replying included the graphic passage, ‘For the dispatch of the usurper, from the obedience of whom we are by the excommunication of her made free, there are six noble gentlemen, all my private friends, who for the zeal they bear to the Catholic cause and your Majesty’s service will undertake that tragical execution.’ When the two letters are read together, Mary’s complicity in the plot was undeniable.”6
Cecil and Walsingham did not frame Mary, they laid a trap and she condemned herself with her own words and actions. She was clearly giving her blessing and her support to Babington’s plot to assassinate Elizabeth. What’s more, Babington confessed and so did Mary’s secretaries.
The Babington Plot was not a one-off, it was not the only time that Mary had conspired against Elizabeth, and as early as 1568 she had approached Philip II to help her with her cause. She also never gave up on her claim to the English throne. Elizabeth spent two decades giving Mary the benefit of the doubt and sympathising with her, yet Mary carried on plotting. I just can’t see Mary as a tragic heroine or martyr and Elizabeth as a cold-blooded killer, however I look at the situation.
What do you think?
Please share your thoughts in comments below – thank you!
Notes and Sources
- “Elizabeth, the Queen”, Alison Weir, p375
- Mary Queen of Scots, New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia
- Ibid.
- Merriam-Webster
- My Heart is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots, John Guy, p483.
- Ibid.
Related posts:
The Trial of Mary Queen of Scots
Mary Queen of Scots – Part One
8 February 1587 – Mary Queen of Scots is Executed
Mary, Queen of Scots – 8th December 1542
The Execution of Mary Queen of Scots – 8th February 1587
Mary Queen of Scots – Part Two
Mary Queen of Scots Lands in Scotland
24 April 1558 – Mary Queen of Scots Marries the Dauphin
8 February 1587 – The Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots
Mary Queen of Scots
Mary Queen of Scots Marries Lord Darnley
Robert Dudley to Marry Mary Queen of Scots?
Lisa and Ceri, I totally agree! Karen, I think most of us here are adult enough to understand the meaning of the word Machiavellian.
I have tried and tried to like Mary Queen of Scots, particularly after reading Antonia Fraser’s biography years ago, and even tried to “enjoy” her as tragic romantic figure on seeing such actresses as Katharine Hepburn and Vanessa Redgrave play her. I find I cannot, no matter how many angles I attempt when studying her life. (Another reason why I am putting Jane Dunn’s book on my Amazon wish list). A long time ago, I did my own comparisons of the lives of these two women: Elizabeth as the daughter of a woman called The Great Whore and a King some called ‘the English Nero,’ and considered a bastard by a good deal of Europe; and Mary, born Queen of Scots when she was what? Hours? Days old? Raised in the French court to be a perfect Queen Consort; I doubt a day went by when she was not told she was beautiful, a princess among princesses, superior, and the rightful Catholic heiress to the English throne which had been usurped by her heretical cousin. She was a Queen by inheritance; a Dauphine by marriage. And then her “perfect” life came crashing down around her, and I’m not sure when she finally woke up to reality. Was it when pregnant Mary saw her secretary murdered in front of her? When she fled for her life after that horrific crime? Or when she abdicated her throne in favor of her son? When she realized that Darnley wasn’t what she thought he was?
I’ve heard she could be kind (such as to her ladies, the Four Maries); she had that unexplainable charm; she may even have had a tinge of courage to her. But for the most part, I find her foolish, arrogant and a believer in her own over-hyped publicity. While I realize that Cecil and Walsingham laid the groundwork for her destruction, Mary voluntarily stepped into it through her desire to become Queen of England and to overthrow Elizabeth. What the two ministers did is what we today would call a sting operation, something to allow a criminal with intent to commit a crime to believe they are participating in reality, while instead, the evidence is being built against them when the time is right. All Mary needed to do was NOT respond to Babbington’s letters and kept herself out of it as much as she could (much as Elizabeth did when contacted by someone like Wyatt), perhaps realizing that a trap was being set or that — whatever her feelings — she shouldn’t commit it to paper. But she was so eager in bringing Elizabeth down, she obviously didn’t think…and we all know the rest.
Do I think had she been given the chance, she would have been as merciful to her cousin as Elizabeth had been to her for years? I doubt it. So while I, myself, am a Christian, I also believe in survival, and if an enemy of mine — one for whom I have shown some form of pity instead of ridding myself of them when they first appeared — continues to secretly plot or is the center of plots, in the end, I may not have much choice than to execute her. I also understand why Elizabeth hesitated as long as she did — she would be setting precedent executing a fellow Queen, however it was regrettably something that would have needed to be done at some point. But no, I’ve never seen her as a romantic tragic figure and martyr for the Catholic faith.
Thanks for the article Claire.
PS: by the way Lisa Davis 😀 I wouldn’t want her in America either, in any century LOL
Bravo, Tina! Very well put.
Elizabeth did everything possible to allow freedom of worship in England. She would never persecute Catholics until the Pope issued her excommunication, basically exhorting Catholics to kill her with the guarantee of pardon for the crime and a free ticket to heaven (hmm…how times seldom change!).
Mary, to my mind, was a pawn in the hands of ministers and hadn’t the intellectual brilliance to play the game being played by those amazingly intriguing Renaissance minds around her. She was a martyr in the third depiction of the word because she viewed herself as a victim from the start – small wonder that she became a victim. Elizabeth was clear-thinking and astute. She refused to be a victim or martyr. Mary ‘played her’ and lost.
It had very little to do with religion (in the sense of spirituality) and everything to do with power. Elizabeth had the best interests of her country at heart. Mary had the best interests of herself at heart…
Tina, I’m with you. Masterfully said.
Thanks Impish_Impulse and Sharon — that rant came after overtime at work and not a lot of sleep LOL so I’m glad it made sense.
Tinall2None, I couldn’t help but laugh at the idea of sending Mary to America – can you imagine her living in a colony and having to do actual work? I’ll bet the other colonists would have asked the indians to take her as a hostage!
I have a love/hate relationship with the Queen of Scots. I believe that she was a woman who was ambitious and greedy, but didn’t have the street smarts to pursue either trait wisely.
No doubt MQS was guilty, but she did go to her death with spirit.
The bigger question is Elizabeth’s authority to sign the warrant of execution. She had none, I have no doubt about that, but results trump justice when it comes to politics.
The deception over the signing of the warrant is the most revealing thing, because it put at risk those who had risked everything for Elizabeth – vicious.
From Elizabeth’s accession onwards, Mary Stuart openly declared herself the real queen of England. The reason here is that Mary was a catholic and therefore subscribed to the idea that Elizabeth was the result of a liaison with a concubine, not a legal marriage. If such had been the case, Elizabeth would have been excluded from the succession and Mary, being next in line, would have had the throne.
The fact that Mary believed she should have had the crown is the very basis of what some people call Elizabeth’s ‘rivalry’ with her.
In my eyes, Mary’s understanding of the situation is simply erroneous. The only thing she should have thought about was that Elizabeth was in the succession as per Henry VIII’s will. Elizabeth was, therefore, Queen of England by law.
And then, there are the fact of real life: Elizabeth WAS on the throne, realistically Mary would have to live with that, so declaring she was the only real Queen of England as early as 1559 was starting a cold war abd putting oneself in a very precarious situation.
Mary would never leanr from that first major political blunder. She would persist making mistake after mistake in hope to turn her unrealistic aspirations into reality.
She did plot against Elizabeth (and more than once) and, I agree with john Guy, Mary gave tacit consent to Babington’s murderous plans.
Her back against the wall, Mary came up with her one and only good political move: she would from then on project the image of a martyr. A brilliant PR coup, this ensured Mary’s posthumous reputation as victim and religious icon.
The catholic powers in Europe in the 1580s reprised and amplified the myth, which provided them with the ideal story to defend their cause. Even now, Mary is a favourite figure among catholics.
Long gone are the criticisms about her marriages to Darnley and Bothwell, the suspicions of her involvement in Darnley’s murder and other accusations.
I do not believe that Mary was innocent nor a martyr. She wasn’t a ‘villainess’ either. Elizabeth was not a ‘killer queen’ and she wasn’t without fault. Thinking of them in terms of rivalry stems from a complete lack of understanding of history. Both women were queens, involved in defending what they stood for and / or were responsible for. Their worlds were not defined by personal likes / dislikes but by politics. Elizabeth was better at politics than Mary. But both had the same obligation to think politically. That is why they were both preocupied of being good political symbols. Elizabeth created a myth around herself by inspiring artists and writers to make her into Gloriana, during her lifetime but, also, for posterity. Mary did the same at her trial: she manipulated her image for posterity.
In posterity at least, Elizabeth and Mary have a lot in common: due to both women’s PR, we have problems peeling off the divine masks to reveal the real ladies underneath. Our appreciation of their actions is clouded by the myths they developed.